For example, during painful procedures, reassuring language (e.g., saying to the child “It's okay,” “All done”) has been found to increase children's pain and distress, whereas distracting language (e.g., talking about things other than the pain) reduces it ( 2).Ĭhildren's memories for past pain sets the stage for their future pain experiences. To date, research on how language influences child pain has largely focused on the children's immediate painful experience. Pediatric pain is common, occurs across variety of settings, and, despite advancements in pain assessment and management, remains poorly managed ( 1). Developmental considerations and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. younger, children endorsed reminiscing to process past pain to a greater degree. Mothers and fathers of boys and girls endorsed the reminiscing functions to a similar degree. Parents who endorsed reminiscing to process past pain used more emotion-laden language when reminiscing about past pain. Inductive reflexive thematic analysis generated three major themes representing parental beliefs regarding reminiscing about past pain: “reminiscing to process past pain,” “reminiscing as a learning tool,” and “avoiding reminiscing about past pain.” Parents who endorsed avoiding reminiscing used fewer optimal reminiscing elements (i.e., open-ended questions) when reminiscing about past painful experiences with children. Parent-child reminiscing narratives were coded to capture parent reminiscing behaviors. Parents also reminisced with their children about unique past events involving pain. A coding scheme was created based on the generated themes to quantitatively characterize parental beliefs. Interview data were first analyzed using inductive reflexive thematic analysis. One-hundred and seven parents (52% fathers) of young children were asked about their beliefs regarding reminiscing about past pain. To date, no studies have investigated parental beliefs regarding the functions of reminiscing about past pain or the associations between parental beliefs and reminiscing about past pain. Parental beliefs about the functions of reminiscing are associated with parental reminiscing behaviors. Parent-child reminiscing about pain plays a key role in shaping children's pain memories. Children's memories for past pain set the stage for their future pain experiences.
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